Impact of Religion on American History to 1877 - 934 Words

Evidence throughout American history confirms religion has significantly contributed to the evolution of our culture. Multiple events have contributed, including politics, people and weather. Politics and people are widely impacted by religion. Religion is the primary cause of most wars in countries across the world. Many historians believe America was formed on the basis of religion. In this research paper, I will illustrate the impact religion had on American History to 1877. Specifically, it will examine: 1) Major events impacting traditional religious beliefs in America, 2) Religious disputes which impacted land development, and 3) The impact religion had on slavery. Religion is closely tied to events like the Protestant†¦show more content†¦Protestants and Catholics believed religious unity was a critical component to societal existence. The Great Awakening was a precursor to the American Revolution, which ultimately aligned the Republicans and Protestants. Combined into one movement for illustration, it was one of the most significant events in the development of land and politics in the United States (Kerber, 1990). It began in the 1730’s and 1740’s. Pastor Jonathan Edwards, from Massachusetts, started the Great Awakening by affirming the need for God’s grace. He emphasized the need for dependence on grace instead of works alone. Edwards’ doctrine was further expanded by the exuberant preaching of George Whitehead. He led numerous revivals proclaiming God’s divine omnipotence. Their works during the movement revitalized religion in America forever. It removed boundaries between some denominations and created numerous others (Cengage Learning, 2013). Another event significantly impacted by religion in the United States was slavery. Religious freedom was a luxury in Colonial America. Many religions believed slavery was an act of charity. Owning a slave was an extension of their faith. Some religious scholars believed the very root of American slavery consisted in the assumption that political and spiritual law (the bible) reduced men to chattels (Stroud, 1827). Others believed slavery created a paradox in the moral system, reducingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Did Religion Impact American History?561 Words   |  3 PagesEvidence throughout American history, confirms religion has significantly contributed to the evolution of our culture. Multiple events have contributed, including politics, people and weather. Politics and people are widely impacted by religion. Religion is the primary cause of most wars in countries across the world. Many historians believe America was formed on the basis of religion. In this research pape r, I will illustrate the impact religion had on American History to 1877. Specifically,Read More 1870-1880 Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesWar. America was going through a period called Reconstruction. Tensions were fairly high and an air of freedom was present throughout the nation. By 1877, it was obvious the United States was beginning to develop into a recognizably modern economic system of making, earning, spending, and living (Brown 60). In 1880, â€Å"over half of American workers worked on farms and only one in twenty worked on manufacturing† (Brown 59). Farmers outnumbered factory by a large number, but factories were stillRead MoreSocial Studies Grade 8 : Immigration Research Project1677 Words   |  7 PagesProtestant Huguenots, immigration was a last option as they were stripped of their rights unless they converted to Roman Catholicism. When coming to the United States, French Immigrants looked for freedom, stability, safety, and opportunity. Their impac ts on American society weren t major and mainly were small-scale and affected a few individuals. The U.S offered so much opportunity that people continued to immigrate, even after America s bloodiest war, the Civil War. 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Explain the Functions of Assessment in Learning and...

1. Understand the principles and requirements of assessment 1.1Explain the function of assessment in learning and development Assessment is carried out to ensure that learning has taken place. It measures the learner’s knowledge and skills in their learning area. Assessment encourages learners to ask questions on anything they have not fully understood, as learners know that they will have to prove their knowledge and understanding to the standards of the awarding body. Learning and development are both connected. The learner needs guidance to understand what it is they have to learn, if they are on track and how they may improve. Assessment is essential for this to happen. There will be observation, teaching one to one to assess†¦show more content†¦Assessment has to be fair, consistent and valid to ensure all learners have an equal and fair chance of receiving a fair assessment. An assessor cannot be persuaded to give a learner an easier assessment because they favour that learner. The assessment process may have to be adapted to be suitable to the learner’s needs but, needs to eventually lead to the same outcome. Another key principle is Validity. This is just as important as reliability and the assessor needs to question if the assessed task actually showed what it was supposed to. It is also important that the tasks you are assessing are relevant. When devising an assessment task it is important that it addresses the skills you want the learner to develop but that it is also in a context with a sense of real purpose to the learner. 2.3 The responsibilities of the assessor The role of the assessor is to make an informed judgement about the range of evidence the learner has completed to show their competence to meet the assessment criteria. The assessor must also maintain objectivity. Other responsibilities of the assessor are; to carry out assessments in accordance with specifications and documentation. 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It measures the learner’s attainmentRead MoreUnit D6015313 Assess Workbook851 Words   |  4 Pagespractices of assessment Assessment Workbook Learner Name:  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­_________________________________________________ Assessor Name: _________________________________________________ 1.1 Explain the function of assessment in learning and development What is the function of assessment in learning and development? 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It explains several cognitive impairments related to the elderly. Last, it details cognitive assessment used to detection and measurement of cognitive impairments in the elderly. Case Study A 78-year-old woman presented to her primary care physicianRead MoreThe Key Functions of Internal Quality Assurance915 Words   |  4 PagesEXPLAIN THE FUNCTIONS OF INTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE IN LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT. Before looking at the functions of an internal quality assurer (IQA) role it is beneficial to understand what quality assurance is and why it has been established within the learning process. ‘Quality assurance can be defined as a system to monitor and evaluate a product or a service.’ Pg122 Assessors handbook It is the role of the IQA to uphold and maintain the credibility of the qualifications undertaken by candidatesRead MorePersonal Development and Hr1445 Words   |  6 Pagesdocument needs to be attached to every assignment submission. It serves the purpose of assessment feedback, authentication of work and verification of submission. Without this signed document assessment CANNOT take place; this applies to both the original submission and resubmissions (if appropriate) Student Name (Print) Learning Outcomes and assessment criteria Learning outcomes The learner will: Assessment criteria The learner can: Criteria satisfied 1st submission 2nd submission Read MoreUnit 14 Working with and Leading People1161 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many benefits for both the individual and the organisation of working in teams for both the individual and the organisation, most importantly that the task is carried out better and more efficiently. An understanding of team development and the leadership function is crucial when working with others. A motivated workforce is more likely to be efficient and can contribute to the long-term profitability of the business. 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Why We Should Save Natural Resources Free Essays

Why We should save natural resources because if we don’t, life will die out Have you ever wondered what would happen to the earth if we used all of the natural resources? Is it a possibility that this would happen in the near future? Well, at the current rate of resources being used it might happen. Renewable resources can Be used more than once. On the other hand non-renewable resources cannot be restored after being used once it’s used. We will write a custom essay sample on Why We Should Save Natural Resources or any similar topic only for you Order Now Additionally non-renewable resources are in limited supply and be used once. Examples of these resources are Coal,oil and natural Gasses, they are known to be fossil fuels; They take millions of years to form. They have to be mined or drilled from deposits deep within the earth. And the Reason we should save them is because if we don’t what will we have left for example if we use too much paper we will end up cutting down all the tree’s on earth causing the CO2 level’s to go to high and kill us all. That is why my family save all paper we use and double side our work. The Future of our economy lies in how much we use natural resources. And according to the Political Economy of Natural Resources â€Å"The Development and taking of Resources leads to wars among countries and within countries†(the Political Economy of Natural Resources) And if natural resources Cost more money guess who suffers? The people do, Such as if we use up all our oil the price for a car and it’s maintenance would be very high. And Gail Tverberg believes â€Å"If the price of oil goes up the price of everything goes up† Natural resources don’t only affect the economy but the environment too. Natural resources are found throughout nature. So when we use it up the environment suffers to most. Without forests in certain areas will never have forests again. So by cutting down trees you are basically abusing the earth. And a source states â€Å"That forested area are decreasing 1% every year† so basically in about 100 years we will die unless we stop cutting down trees and planting more of them. And half the world’s forest has already been cut down so without the trees what will stop the the soil erosion will permanently destroy the land and if that land is destroyed. And if the land is destroyed what will trap the Carbon dioxide or give oxygen. So if we take the natural resources, the bionetwork = earth abuse = no life after some amount of years. The world’s population has grown over the years, and because of this, more resources are needed. and as more people are born there is fossil fuels used because we need to heat more people’s heating bills and electricity. So the More people born then dead in a day can make the years the earth have less. And i have a some reasons why hydrogen should be our fuel until we can plant enough trees for soil erosion to go away and to get some more natural resources Reasons= It is colorless and odorless it is not a fossil fuel With the right technology using hydrogen, the sun and the wind we could get enough energy to power the whole US in 1 year. and after all the whole us is been powered stably we could store that energy and within 10 year we could have power to power the whole planet for at least 2 full years and all of the power is coming from renewable sources. And 90% of it is produced from natural gas after we make it pure it will be able to power almost everything including automobile, heat, electricity, and water Clean burning fuel It does’t emit greenhouse gasses which ruins the ozone layer Although Nonrenewable can be made from water (which has 2 part hydrogen and 1 part oxygen) and the sun. It can be made without mining from a limited supply It can be replenished through a natural processes it is the simplest element with only one proton and one eletron. How to cite Why We Should Save Natural Resources, Essay examples

Strategic Planning For Public Relations -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Strategic Planning For Public Relations? Answer: Introduction UniLodge is an Australian company that provides students with holistic accommodation facilities. Currently, the company owns over 60 properties that are distributed around Australia and New Zealand making it a market leader. UniLodges unique selling points include the provision of quality, innovative, efficient and amazing student living experiences. Therefore, this crisis communication plan helping UniLodge to manage any potential crisis and to mitigate any severe consequences on the organization and students if such cases arises. The companys primary objective is to ensure that the students and other important stakeholders such as parents feel secure and have a peace of mind. The UniLodges Public Relations department has been tasked with managing all information in case of any crisis. Crisis Situation UniLodge PR department defines a possible crisis as (Wilcox, Ault, Agee, 2006): Any situations that may necessitate a speedy and well-coordinated action Any condition that may have significant impact on the operations and market reputation of the company. Objectives of this crisis communication plan Undeniably, every organization recognizes the inherent need to adequately prepare comprehensive responses in case of an emergency or crisis. Such responses must include various relevant policies that can effectively coordinate internal and external scrutiny and communications and seal any possible damage to an organization. Once UniLodge PR team have established that an emergency or a crisis exists, this crisis communication plan will be fully and strictly implemented. As such, the following are the objectives of this crisis communication plan: To prepare UniLodge workforce and management to effectively and quickly manage emergency communications To help UniLodge employees to adequately respond to a crisis in a cohesive manner full of professionalism To strategically help UniLodge to manage the distribution of critical and sensitive data and information to the public and media To identify main spokesperson(s) for UniLodge during crisis situations This crisis communication plan will help UniLodge to avail factual data and information that aim at repairing or sustaining the companys image during a crisis. The information released to the public during such times must depict the company as a reliable partner with stronger values. In general, a crisis communication plan is an important brand positioning strategy that can be used by UniLodge to create positive opportunities to market itself. Therefore, the primary purpose of this crisis communication plan is to provide a clear course of actions during crisis that will help UniLodge to reinforce its position as a market leader. Notably, the content of this crisis communication plan will be used by UniLodge staff and other stakeholders to administer and effectively evaluate all aspects of communication especially during crisis (Wilcox, Ault, Agee, 2006). Possible crisis situations The following are possible crisis that UniLodges personnel, customers and other relevant stakeholders could face. The analysis of these possible crisis scenarios aim at helping UniLodge to anticipate and adequately prepare to face such challenges (Grunig, 2013). There is a possibility of car breaks given that UniLodge residents have to park in the Casuarina shopping centre which is relatively unsafe There is a possibility of vandalism cases in Darwin particularly from kids who occasionally breaks into peoples cars to steal valuables The possibility of fire incidences is also a serious crisis that can significantly affect the operations of the company. This is because some of the property residents occasionally forgets and burn food when cooking resulting into smoke that sometimes triggers fire alarms Poor surveillance at the facilities is also a possible crisis that need a clear response plan. For example, given that there are no security guards who can adequately patrol the premises may result into a security crisis Crisis communication policies Employees should promptly report any crisis scenario to the General Manager immediately it is detected Only the official spokesperson(s) are allowed to release any information regarding the crisis to the media and public The PR department will direct and coordinate every response to the crisis Any comment by the staff on the ongoing crisis must be professional and transparent The staff are required to remain discreet and confidential when responding to the crisis situation UniLodge insist on opportune, practical, receptive and action-leaning responses UniLodge stresses on maintaining a positive relationship with the media and public during crisis to augment confidence in their services and products Action Plan and detailed crisis communication plan To ensure a quick, precise, thoughtful and accountable response to a crisis situation, UniLodge will ensure there is an effective coordination of communication processes (Sriramesh Vercic, 2003). Specifically, during an emergency situation, the Managing Director will serve as will serve as the official companys spokesperson and assisted by the PR Manager who will be the designated backup. The PR team and other UniLodge staff will refer any question from the public and media to the designated spokespersons. The following are the appropriate action plans during a crisis: The companys General Manager will determine whether there should be an official statement to immediately respond to the crisis The PR team will formulate relevant responses The PR team will share their thoughts with the crisis communication team and other key staff (including the manager) who will then strategically deliberate on how to manage the communication surrounding the crisis The manager will determine how the information should be disseminated The manager will discuss the statement and responses with the employees and any other relevant stakeholder before going public UniLodge management should then ensure that all the students and employees are safe Similarly, the following are the general important steps that UniLodge will follow to ensure an effective management of any crisis situation. Adequate internal preparations for a possible crisis Promptly notify the CEO and other relevant players Account for the safety of students and staff at the facility Institute a crisis communication team that will analytically review the situation and develop appropriate strategy Direct the crisis communication team to develop key messages that will be used to respond to all media and public inquiries Notify UniLodge staff on the existence of the crisis Alert the companys marketing department and board to ensure that there is promptness in responding to the crisis Distribute media releases through the identified channels Public and Media Relations UniLodge will assess its relationship with the media especially during moments of crisis. To ensure a positive relation with the media, UniLodge will ensure that they remain frank and courteous when responding to their questions (Curtis et al., 2010). The crisis management team members will be required to avail themselves for interviews or any other interaction with the media and public once sanctioned by the relevant managers. Therefore, before going public, UniLodge will specifically ensure that there is: A crisis communication lead person (General Manager) who will coordinate all the responses A spokesperson who will directly respond to questions from the media and public A comprehensive assessment of the crisis situation and establish relevant facts A holistic response to the crisis An effective plan that can be used to coordinate internal and external communications A competent PR team that can help the spokesperson to effectively manage the media, contact the companys partners and accurately record the crisis Similarly, when going public, UniLodge should ensure that: They reach out through phone calls to important internal audiences that may include all staff members They initiate an effective media and public outreach campaigns The companys website and all other social media sites are updated with relevant information concerning the crisis The companys voice mail is frequently updated to capture any critical information from the stakeholders The effectiveness the PR messages constantly evaluated during the crisis The companys key audiences are constantly updated with the progress on crisis management There is adequate distribution of post-crisis communications to the key audiences A PR crisis communication staff briefing note Prompt response to the arising issues during crisis situations is a fundamental component of this plan. UniLodge aim at developing a clear and consistent response to the situation (Botan Hazleton, 2010). While the designated spokesperson will be tasked with controlling the flow of information, UniLodge will issue a detailed staff briefing note that will sustain consistency in reporting and perceptions. An integral component to effective crisis communication is prompt response to diverse issues that are likely to jeopardise the operations of the company. The company should first develop a fast response to the crisis to ensure clarity and consistency in reporting (Dozier, Grunig Grunig, 2013). Correspondingly, the company should appoint a single spokesperson to avoid uncontrolled flow of information and sustain its consistency in reporting the crisis. The briefing note should be based on the following stages of crisis communication: The briefing note will detail how the staff should behave during a crisis based on the 5Cs of crisis communications. UniLodge will use the five Cs of communication crisis to avail pertinent attributes that the companys PR manager and employees must assume when facing the press and interviews. The first attribute is depiction of competency as this will help UniLodge to maintain public confidence. The second C stands for credibility and stresses on the inherent ability of the designated spokesperson to carefully rely information during crisis without any contradiction (Newsom, Turk, Kruckeberg, 2012). The spokespersons will not appear to be defending the company but rather should stick to explaining the organizations response strategies. The next C stands for commitment and entail directing the staff to set and maintain the right tone when addressing a crisis. This include an expression of a strong assurance that the company is doing everything possible to address the problem. The next C denotes caring and stresses on the significance of remaining compassionate and expressing genuine regret on behalf of UniLodge. The final C examines the companys capability of arriving at applicable solutions to the crisis. At this particular stage, UniLodge will issue various statements to the media and allow the employees to undertake interviews (Grunig, 2009). At this stage, the public and media are expected to develop diverse perceptions and elucidations about the crisis, and are more likely to start directing blames to some imagined figures or situations (Smith, 2013). As such, UniLodges PR team should ensure that the companys brand reputation is protected by issuing flawless statements about the crisis and effectively address the speculations surrounding the crisis. At this final stage, UniLodge will ensure a full restoration of their reputation that may have been damaged as a result of the crisis. This final stage is important because it will enable UniLodge to reinforce public trust and confidence (Veil, Buehner, Palenchar, 2011). The company will achieve this through ensuring that every outcome of internal investigations on the crisis are provided to the public and media. Important attachments that will accompany the crisis communication plan Students Employees External stakeholders include: MediaPrint and Electronic Families of Dwellers Families of Employees Donors Surrounding communities The spokesperson should: Demonstrate deep concern about the affected individuals Clearly explicate how UniLodge is remedying the crisis Be consistent and should never contradict the official position of the company Remain transparent, straightforward and provide detailed information on the crisis Never give a no comment response when addressing the media Never rely on speculations or speak off the record Be readily available to respond to inquiries from the media and public Issue written statements to the media The first alert will involve: Notifying the General Manager about the crisis Evaluating the condition and level of impact and informing relevant stakeholders Issuing official statement on the companys position The second step will involve: Gathering acknowledged specifics Informing the companys stakeholders about the crisis Verifying the nature and scope of the crisis Establishing the number of casualties Crafting various messages to be released to the media The third step will involve: Verifying and sustaining the flow of information Constantly updating relevant authorities on the progress Extensive consultations with other important stakeholders The fourth step will involve: Choosing a designated media spokesperson Designing and discussing media strategies The general manager approving press releases Reviewing various strategies that the company will use to deal with the media The firth step will involve: Proceeding with the media releases Informing the media of subsequent updates Making follow-ups on media questions The last step will involve: Monitoring media coverage Assessing and correcting possible inaccuracies Advising the media on any significant development Evaluating the general effectiveness of this crisis communication plan The threeimportant messagesthat will be communicated during this crisis will include (Coombs, 2014) The number of casualties The amount of property damaged The causes of the crisis The reprieve efforts The extent of impact Possible legal redresses The management of UniLodge will hold a crisis and the following will be some of the agenda (Ulmer et al., 2013): A comprehensive situation report on the crisis How the company first responded to the crisis Relations with the media during the crisis Short-term responses and communication processes Date for the next meeting Communication methods Worksheet Stakeholder Method of Communication Residing students Direct phone calls Employees Direct phone calls Media (Print/Electronic) Press releases Families of students Emails Families of Employees Emails Donors Emails Surrounding communities Flyers Prospective clients Press releases Evaluating the crisis communication plan Whether the company was successful in implementing the plan What processes needs special improvements What the company learnt from the crisis Conclusion In general, UniLodge should ensure improved openness to the public and media by releasing detailed information on the crisis and remaining as straightforward as possible. This will depict the organizations genuine tenacity towards deciphering the crisis and address any other arising concern. This sentiment is supported by Fearn-Banks (2016) who argued that an effective crisis communication should provide accurate and consistent information to the media and public to strengthen the respective companys image. This explains why UniLodge has placed more emphasis on its effective crisis communication among other public relations plans (Lando, 2014). Indeed, a crisis can cause irreparable damages to the reputation of a company is not mitigated properly and promptly. Remarkably, an instrumental element in crisis communication is ensuring consistency in responses to preserve the credibility and image of a company. This is what this UniLodge crisis communication plan aim at achieving both in the short and long-run. References Botan, C. H., Hazleton, V. (Eds.). (2010).Public relations theory II. Routledge. Coombs, W. T. (2014).Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Sage Publications. Curtis, L., Edwards, C., Fraser, K. L., Gudelsky, S., Holmquist, J., Thornton, K., Sweetser, K. D. (2010). Adoption of social media for public relations by nonprofit organizations.Public Relations Review,36(1), 90-92. Daymon, C., Holloway, I. (2010).Qualitative research methods in public relations and marketing communications. Routledge. De Wolf, D. (2013). Crisis communication failures: The BP case study.International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics,2(2), 48-56. Dozier, D. M., Grunig, L. A., Grunig, J. E. (2013).Manager's guide to excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Fearn-Banks, K. (2016).Crisis communications: A casebook approach. Routledge. Ferrante, P. (2010). Risk crisis communication: Essential skills for todays SHE professional.Professional Safety,55(06), 38-45. Grunig, J. E. (2009). Paradigms of global public relations in an age of digitalisation.PRism,6(2), 1-19. Grunig, J. E. (Ed.). (2013).Excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Heide, M., Simonsson, C. (2014). Developing internal crisis communication: New roles and practices of communication professionals.Corporate Communications: An International Journal,19(2), 128-146. Johansen, W., Aggerholm, H. K., Frandsen, F. (2012). Entering new territory: A study of internal crisis management and crisis communication in organizations.Public Relations Review,38(2), 270-279. Lando, A. L. (2014). The critical role of crisis communication plan in corporations' crises preparedness and management.Global Media Journal,7(1), 5. Newsom, D., Turk, J., Kruckeberg, D. (2012).Cengage Advantage Books: This is PR: The Realities of Public Relations. Cengage Learning. Palttala, P., Vos, M. (2012). Quality indicators for crisis communication to support emergency management by public authorities.Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management,20(1), 39-51. Smith, R. D. (2013).Strategic planning for public relations. Routledge. Sriramesh, K., Vercic, D. (Eds.). (2003).The global public relations handbook: Theory, research, and practice. Routledge. Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L., Seeger, M. W. (2013).Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity. Sage Publications. Veil, S. R., Buehner, T., Palenchar, M. J. (2011). A work?in?process literature review: Incorporating social media in risk and crisis communication.Journal of contingencies and crisis management,19(2), 110-122.

ABEKA VOCABULARY, SPELLING, POETRY IV REVIEW QUIZ 3 Flashcard

ABEKA VOCABULARY, SPELLING, POETRY IV REVIEW QUIZ 3

Summary of William Graham Sumn essays

Summary of William Graham Sumn essays Folkways, an essay compiled by William Graham Sumner, is a closely examined analysis of the inner-workings of society and why it works the way that it does. This particular essay has influenced many other philosophers/sociologists by the way we view the process of understanding rules and regulations set by society. Not just specific individual cultures around the world over the span of the era that humans have inhabited the Earth, but how we all act together to form what we call a society. And that, even though most ethnocentric individuals in their own societies deny, we all work remarkably similarly when it comes to forming our own respective groups and intertwine them into the massive web of individual relations with each other to form the societies that we live in everyday. This essay is basically a description of how these rituals in human nature first developed and evolved into the complex ways that we all (as contributors to our respective cultures) work together to keep these same basic rules true to all have the same basic powers to collectively and equally work together to form the hierarchy of rules or morals and all follow the same ones to keep peace among ourselves to keep everyone in order so that the essential needs can be met for everyone in that society. As William Graham Sumner states in his essay the first task of life is to live...Need was the first experience and it was followed at once by a blundering effort to satisfy it...they controlled and aided the first efforts to satisfy [these] needs. This excerpt explains how he perceives how acts are needed to be done, and in order to have any sort of control on how it is done, then we all have to understand that these are the basic needs one as to have in order to satisfy these acts. He also spends most of his time explaining what happens when these basic acts are being done, and how that transforms into the folkw...

Transport report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Transport report - Essay Example Two core participants in the multimodal supply are identified as the management (logistic department) and the multimodal transporter chain have been discussed in details. Each of these key players is seen to have very distinct and elaborate functions to play in making multimodal supply chain a success. Lastly he benefits of using multimodal supply chains are discussed. For the purpose of description Oakley Oil Company based in U.K. has been used. A supply chain is made up of all parties concerned, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a buyer request to either supply goods or provide a certain service. The parties involved include retailers, customers and transporters. Within each supply chain, transport plays a key role of receiving and delivering a customer’s request. A warehouse’s transport means may either be by air, road, water or rail or a combination of any 2 or 3 thus a multi-modal transport chain supply. In other supply chain’s transport systems, customers order are supplied using a single means thus a uni-modal transport supply chain (â€Å"About Dept to Equity Ratio†, 2012). A customer who places an off shore order will be most likely supplied with a multi-modal transport supply chain. A multi-modal supply system is largely used by multi-national companies; however, other established companies though not multi-national may use it. To the contrary, uni-modal transport supply chains large ly serve local purchase orders because there may not be transit over vast distances. In addition, uni-modal transport supply chains chiefly serve domestic markets while, multi-modal transport supply chain, serves foreign market of exports and imports. Uni-modal transport supply chains, though, they have a number of limitations, they should be appreciated for a number of reasons. First, they help meet limited supplies of goods which cannot be economical to the multi-transport supply chains, for example Oakley Oil Company supplies motels far distances from it

Macroeconomics- methods of Economic growth for Singapore and Hong Kong Essay

Macroeconomics- methods of Economic growth for Singapore and Hong Kong - Essay Example The prices of goods offered by the economy have determination in a free price system (McEachern, 2012). The nations should look for the products and services that people are interested and focus on building them. Today, large nations that control the world’s trade depend on market economy since it is where they control and participate in both exports and exports. Singapore and Hong Kong are some of the new nations that have come of age and adopting the market economy to not only increase their competitiveness but also give it an economic advantage. Additionally, taxation laws are another way both Hong Kong and Singapore can use to encourage economic growth. If the economies do not give enough tax, they will not be able to supply the infrastructure and services they need to keep existing businesses or attract new ones. Investment in infrastructure and human capital – safe and modern infrastructure guarantees investments in the country. Any country with a high number of investors leads to more exports from the country. Better investments, thus result in the growth of the economy of the nations (McEachern, 2012). The roads in Singapore and Hong Kong are of high quality thus offer quick and efficient transport system for the goods and services. Besides, improved infrastructures attract investors and reduce the cost of production. Availability of cheap electricity and enhanced road network is paramount to opening interior areas as they have potential when reach. Some of the newly industrialized nations managed to reach the stage because of the developed infrastructure. Similarly, availability of human capital is vital is any economy because it determines the input required towards higher production. For instance, any nation that wants to attract investors must ensure that it provides personnel that assist in the daily running of the institutions as well as firms that have been

Group project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Group project - Essay Example At first a field study is carried out to validate the first stage of the framework, the Recognition Stage. By this way the trouble indicating symptoms of said project was worked out. Such symptoms were logically examined and recovery measures applied for making it bug free and as per the requirement of the client. Another aspect was shortfalls in the project management model and the group dynamics. After review of relevant literature, the problem was reviewed and specific steps taken for a recovery process. This part of the project covers the commercial aspects of website. It is basically meant for a user who desires to buy parts of a PC as per his options. The web page has restricted for those users who has valid account in this site. For that he requires to create an account and get a user id and password. Through the user id and password he would enter into the commercial page of website where he would choose desired items from the displayed list of computer peripherals for purchase. This involves two important parts namely Customer part and Administrator part. Customer part deals with creating an account, searching for computer peripherals, browsing categories, PC configurator, Order placing, viewing the items ordered, modifying the shopping basket, setting quantity of items, buying the selected items. On account of designing client based webpage we used PHP as front end tool. Next part is administrator related which has database server that keeps all the products and its specifica tions stored in it. As the whole project designed to be created with open sources technology we used MySQL 5.0 version. In the back end process we created a database consisting of all the details of products and once all data related to the products entered into this server only thing we had to do next was to update the products as per the

Dual Band Bandpass Filter Using Meandered Ring Resonator

Dual Band Bandpass Filter Using Meandered Ring Resonator Dual band bandpass filter using Meandered ring resonator using loaded DGS Mariselvam V, Raju S Abstract Compact microstrip dual-band bandpass filter (DBBPF) with high selectivity and good suppression for wireless local area networks (WLANs) is proposed utilizing a novel embedded scheme resonator loaded ring resonator DGS. Two passbands are produced by a pair of embedded half-wavelength meandered stepped-impedance resonator (MSIR) and a quad wavelength short stub loaded stepped-impedance resonator (SIR) separately. The loaded DGS avoids the cross talk in the pass band which is useful to achieve very sharp cutoff in the pass band. The resonator is fed by folded T Shaped capacitive source-load coupling microstrip feed line, and four transmission zeros are obtained at both sides of the bands to improve selectivity and suppression. Simultaneously, the size of the filter is extremely compact because embedding half-wavelength MSIR only changes the interior configuration of quad-wavelength SIR. To validate the design method, the designed filter is fabricated and measured. Both simulated and me asured results indicate that good transmission property has been achieved. Keywords:  Low-pass filter, spurious rejection, linear phase, ring resonators, microstrip filters microwave filters. 1. Introduction BPFs are important block in RF front-to-end and have drawn much attention since they can reject the useless signals. In [1–3], miniaturized BPFs with high selectivity and enhanced out-of-band performance are designed for wireless communication systems. In recent years, with the development of different wireless standards, such as global system for mobile communication (GSM), wireless local-area network (WLAN) and world interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), designing multi-band BPFs with miniaturized size, high selectivity and controllable frequencies has become a trend. In [4–6], compact and high selectivity dual-band BPFs are designed by two sets of resonators, stepped-impedance resonators (SIR) and stub-loaded resonators, respectively. For dual-band BPF designs, various approaches have been studied. A simple effective method is to utilize two or three sets of resonators [7–10]. In [7], a high selectivity dual-band BPF is designed by using coupled stepp ed impedance resonators. Each set of resonators operates at a pass band, resulting in controllable frequencies. Unfortunately, it has large size due to the multi-sets of resonators. In this a novel Meandered stepped impedance resonator with loaded DGS is utilized to achieve the desired dual pass band and the size is reduced. The two passbands are generated through respective resonators. High selectivity is obtained by the introduction of several finite attenuation poles in stopband. Compared with the conventional dual band filter, the filter is smaller in size and better in performance. 2. Analysis of stepped impedance resonator To design a DBBPF using SIRs, the properties of SIR must be analyzed first. As shown in Fig. 1, the basic structure of half-wavelength SIR consists of two lines of different characteristic impedances Z1 and Z2 and electrical lengths ÃŽ ¸1 and ÃŽ ¸2. It can be treated as two uniform cells (cell A and cell B). The resonance conditions can be obtained from one of them since the half-wavelength SIR is symmetrical [10]. The impedance of the resonator can be calculated as expression According to the above equation, the resonance appears when Zin is infinite, namely the denominator is equal to zero. As a result, the following expression can be obtained as the resonance condition Where Rz is the impedance ratio. In expression (2), we can see that the resonance conditions are determined by ÃŽ ¸1, ÃŽ ¸2 and Rz. It can adjust these three factors to obtain the resonance that we required, and a dual mode filter can be designed by using SIR. Fig. 1.Basic structure of the half wave length SIR (3) à Ã‚ ´s1 is the electrical length for the first spurious frequency fs1 .In this paper is to design a good WLAN filter, the first spurious frequency must be avoided at the designed lower passband. 3. Design of DBBPF Fig. 2 shows the transformation process to design an embedded-scheme resonator for DBBPF. In Fig.2 (a) a quad-wavelength short stub loaded SIR is shown. To reduce its size, the SIR is folded as an open-loop. Additionally, the low impedance lines of quad-wavelength short stub loaded SIR are broad enough to provide area for a small resonator, which make it possible to embed a pair of small coupling resonators. So, we replace the low impedance lines with a pair of meandered SIRs, which is shown in Fig. 2(b). To achieve a high performance dual-band filter, it is necessary to introduce transmission zeros at both sides of the bands. Due to the existence of DGS, magnetic coupling takes up dominant position on the short stub loaded SIR shown in Fig. 2(a). On the other hand, as the embedded MSIR is folded as an open-loop, it has the maximum electric field density at the side with an open gap, and the maximum magnetic field density at the opposite side. If the sides with the maximum magnetic f ield of two coupled resonators are proximately placed, the magnetic coupling can be obtained. Therefore, the coupling between the half wavelength SIR loops is also magnetic [15]. So, transmission zeros near the two pass bands can be generated by feeding microstrip feed line with capacitive source-load coupling, which because the counteraction between electric field and magnetic field. These transmission zeros have permits to improve selectivity and suppression of this filter. (b) Fig. 2.Embedded Resonator DBBPF design scheme. A filter proposed for WLAN is shown in Fig. 4.A set of parameters of it is given in Tab.1. 4. Filter Configuration Fig.3.T shaped stub loaded resonator Fig. 2 shows the configuration of the proposed micro strip dual-band BPF. It is composed of two sets of resonators. The outer resonators are stub-loaded resonators operating at the first and two pass band frequencies, i.e., 3.68 GHz and 7.01 GHz. Fig.3 illustrate the configuration of the resonator. It consists of a transmission line of length and a T-shaped stub loaded at the line centre is the overall length of the lines, namely L. L= B1+2d1+2f1+2C2+s1+2f1 Open-circuited coupled-lines with the length C2and gap C1 are employed to realize electrical coupling. Two transmission lines with the characteristic impedance of 50à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ are connected to the outer resonators, acting as input and output ports. Embedded between the two outer resonators, the inner resonators 2 and3 are used to yield the second pass band at f2. The inner resonators are fed by the outer ones. Using this structure, multi-path coupling can be realized for the pass band, which can help generate a pair of transmission zeros. (a) (b) Fig. 4. Schematic view of the proposed filter (a) Top view (b) Bottom view 5. CSRR DGS UNIT The Ring Resonator structures are designed and produced by applying the Babinet principle to the split ring resonators (SRR). In this way structures with apertures in metal surface are obtained and these CSRRs create negative ÃŽ µ instead of negative ÃŽ ¼ in a narrow range near the resonance frequency. In microstrip technology, left handed Metamaterial structures exhibiting band stop behaviour can be implemented by etching CSRRs in the ground plane, underneath the conductor strip, and along the series capacitive gaps. The gap provides a negative value of the effective permeability up to certain frequency that depends on gap dimensions and separation. The negative ÃŽ µ structure has been obtained by loading a microstrip line with CSRR particles as shown in Fig.4. There are many different parameters that affect resonance frequency of CSRR, most dominant being the permittivity of the substrate and length of the resonator. The resonance frequency is inversely proportional to the length o f the resonator and is directly proportional to the split gap of the resonator. It is considered that the CSRR particle is etched only in the ground plane. CSRR etching depth decides the strength of the resonance increases [12]-[13] In order to improve the sharper cut-off, compact in size and harmonic suppression ability of the conventional dual band pass filter a CSRR is loaded in the bottom of the filter. The CSRR is designed at the anti-resonance frequency. Inherent nature of anti-resonance behaviour, it rejects the frequencies above cut-off frequency. In this way we achieved sharp cut-off.the dimensions of the ring resonator is given in Table.1. 6. Simulated and measured results To validate the characteristics, the proposed dual band filter is fabricated and measured in a FR4 substrate with a relative dielectric constant 4.4 a thickness of 1.6mm has been used in this paper. 50 ohms microstrip feed line with a width of 2.2mm is located at both of the input and output ports.fig 6 shows the photograph of the fabricated dual band filter. Fig.7. depicts the simulated and measured results of the proposed filter simultaneously. Here CST microwave studio is used for simulation and an Agilent network analyser N5230A is used for measurement. The simulated / measured minimum insertion losses are 0.65/0.985dB respectively at 3.684GHz band and 0.98/1.35dB respectively at 7.01 GHz. The size of the proposed layout is 14.5mmX19.9mm. (a) (b) Fig.6. Photograph of the Prototype of dual- band filter (a) top view (b) bottom view (a) (b) Fig.7. Simulated and measured (a) S11 (b) S21 of the proposed filter Tab. 1.  Parameters of the proposed filter Tab. 2.  Comparison of the proposed filter IL-insertion loss FBW- Fractional Band width 7. Conclusion In this paper, a dual band filter designed by embedded resonator loaded with ring resonator DGS was presented. A t-shaped embedded resonator with capacitive source –load coupling is used for feeding and multiple transmission zeros are created and DGS ring resonator is loaded to improve the performance of the filter. A good quality dual band Bandpass filter operating at 3.684 GHz and 6.83GHz for WLAN is well designed and fabricated .The size of the filter is 14.5X19.9mm which is very small. References JUN, S., K. CHANG., Compact microstrip bandpass filter using miniaturized hairpin resonator. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, PIER 2013, vol. 37, pp. 65–71. DAI, G.L., M.Y. XIA., Novel miniaturized bandpass filters using spiral-shaped resonators and window feed structures. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 2010, vol. 100, pp. 235–243. WEI. X., P. WANG, AND Y. SHI. M., Compact mixed-cross coupled bandpass filter with enhanced frequency selectivity. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 2013, vol. 37, pp. 73–82. CHAUDHARY, G., Y. JEONG, J. LIM., Dual-band bandpass filter with independently tuneable center frequencies and bandwidths IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., 2013, Vol. 61, pp. 107–116. ZHANG, R. AND L. ZHU, Design of a compact dual-band bandpass filter using coupled stepped impedance resonators. IEEE Microw. Wireless. Compon. Lett., 2014, vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 155–157. GAO, L. X. Y. ZHANG, High selectivity dual-band bandpass filter using a quad-mode resonator with source-load coupling. IEEE Microw. Wireless. Compon. Lett. 2013, vol. 23, No. 9, pp. 474–476. ZHANG, S., L. ZHU. Compact tri-band bandpass filter based on ÃŽ »/4 resonators with U-folded coupled-line. IEEE Microw. Wireless. Compon. Lett, 2013, vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 258–260. CHEN, F., C. Q. X. CHU, Design of compact tri-band bandpass filters using assembled resonators. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., 2009, Vol. 57, pp. 165–171 XU, K., Y. ZHANG, D. LI, Y. FAN, J. L.-W. LI, W. T. JOINE, AND Q. H.LIU, Novel design of a compact triple-band bandpass filter using short stub-loaded SIRs and embedded SIRs structure. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 2013, vol. 142, pp. 309–320. PENG, Y., L. ZHANG, Y. LENG, J. GUAN, A compact tri-band pass band filter based on three embedded bending stub resonators. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 2013, vol. 37, pp. 189–197. RUNQIZHANG, LEIZHU. Y, Design of a compact dual band band pass filter using coupled stepped – impedance resonators. IEEE Micro. Wireless. Compon. Lett, 2014, vol.24, No.3 pp.155-157. RUNQIZHANG, LEIZHU, Synthesis and Design of Wideband Dual-Band Bandpass Filters With Controllable In-Band Ripple Factor and Dual Band Isolation IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., 2013, Vol. 61, pp. 1820–1828. KARUPPIAH ANNARAM, SURESH NITHYA. Investigation of Compact Low Pass Filter with Sharp Cut–Off using Metamaterial. RADIOENGINEERING, 2013, VOL. 22, NO. 3. BAENA, J. D., BONACHE, J., MARTIN, F., SILLERO, R. M. Equivalent circuit models for split ring resonators, and complementary split ring resonators coupled to planar transmission lines. IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques,2005, vol. 53, no. 4, p. 1451-1461. B. F. ZONG, G. M. WANG, H. Y. ZENG, Y. W. WANG. Compact and High Performance Dual-band Bandpass Filter using Resonator-embedded Scheme for WLANs. RADIOENGINEERING, 2012, VOL. 21, NO. 4.

Organic Foods Essay -- Food Organic Health Eating Essays

Organic Foods â€Å"You are what you eat†, or so they say. In today’s supermarkets, organic foods are everywhere. Not only are there organic fruits and vegetables, but there are also organic dairy products, organic meats, organic convenience foods, organic wine, beer, coffee, tea and even clothes made with organic cotton. All of these choices have made organic foods the â€Å"fastest-growing segment of the grocery industry.† The Organic Trade Association (OTA), in its â€Å"Business Facts† fact sheet available at www.ota.com, cites Natural Foods Merchandiser, a trade magazine, as measuring organic industry growth at 20 percent or greater for the past nine years. Approximately two percent of the U.S. food supply is grown using organic methods. In 2001, retail sales of organic food were projected to be $9.3 billion (Organic Trade Association [OTA], 2001). That is nearly triple the $3.5 billion in sales in 1998 (Biocycle; Nov. 2004, Vol. 45 Issue 11, p27). Organic foods ca n be found at natural food stores such as Whole Foods Inc., Wild Oats Inc., major supermarkets, farmers markets as well as through â€Å"grower direct marketing† such as CSAs (Community Supported Agriculture) or Co-Ops. Many restaurant chefs and culinary related professionals across the country are starting to use organic produce because they desire its superior quality and taste. Organic food, also gaining international acceptance, has become widespread in nations like Japan and Germany where the development of organic food markets has seen substantial growth (OTA, 2004) People choose to â€Å"go organic† for different reasons but, the single most important reason to choose certified organic foods is because organic agriculture in its very essence preserves, protects and restores our environment in significant ways (United States Department of Agriculture. [USDA], 2002). Also, organic farming embraces the principle that agriculture must meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations, not to mention that organic foods are often the safest, freshest, most flavorful and most nutritious foods in the marketplace (European Journal of Nutrition 40: 289-292 (2001)). The USDA has tried to emphasize that organic food is no healthier, and adds no real benefits to a healthy lifestyle than regular foods. However, with the contamination present in plants treated with pesticides, pre ... ...pect. It matters to our communities. But most of all, it matters to our appreciation of life. References Journals Cuddleford, V. (2003). When Organics Go Mainstream. Alternatives Journal, 29(4), 15-20. Baxter, G., Graham, A., Lawrence, J., Wiles, D., Paterson, J., et al. (2001). Salicylic acid In soups prepared from organically and non-organically grown vegetables. European Journal of Nutrition, 40, 289-292. Retrieved on 3-3-05 from Ebscohost. Composting at the World’s Largest Natural Foods Supermarket Chain. (2004). Biocycle. 45(11). p27. Retrieved on 3-3-05 from Ebscohost. Federal or Government Sources Organic Foods 101: Basic Information about organic foods, national labeling standards and online organic foodsellers. (2002). Retrieved on 3-3-05 from http://www.nrdc.org. The National Organic Program .(USDA). (2002). Retrieved on 3-3-05 from http://ams.usda.gov. Trade Publications Organic Food Facts. (2003). Organic Trade Association. Retrieved on 3-3-05 from http://www.ota.com/organic/mt/food.html Industry Statistics and Projected Growth. (2003). Organic Trade Association. Retrieved on 3-3-05 from http://www.ota.com/organic/mt/business.html